Service Mesh Observability

Complete guide to observability patterns for Istio, Linkerd, and service mesh deployments.

When to Use This Skill

• Setting up distributed tracing across services
• Implementing service mesh metrics and dashboards
• Debugging latency and error issues
• Defining SLOs for service communication
• Visualizing service dependencies
• Troubleshooting mesh connectivity

Core Concepts

1. Three Pillars of Observability

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                  Observability                       │
├─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┤
│     Metrics     │     Traces      │      Logs       │
│                 │                 │                 │
│ • Request rate  │ • Span context  │ • Access logs   │
│ • Error rate    │ • Latency       │ • Error details │
│ • Latency P50   │ • Dependencies  │ • Debug info    │
│ • Saturation    │ • Bottlenecks   │ • Audit trail   │
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘

2. Golden Signals for Mesh

Templates

Template 1: Istio with Prometheus & Grafana

# Install Prometheus
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: prometheus
  namespace: istio-system
data:
  prometheus.yml: |
    global:
      scrape_interval: 15s
    scrape_configs:
      - job_name: 'istio-mesh'
        kubernetes_sd_configs:
          - role: endpoints
            namespaces:
              names:
                - istio-system
        relabel_configs:
          - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_name]
            action: keep
            regex: istio-telemetry
---
# ServiceMonitor for Prometheus Operator
apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: ServiceMonitor
metadata:
  name: istio-mesh
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: istiod
  endpoints:
    - port: http-monitoring
      interval: 15s

Template 2: Key Istio Metrics Queries

# Request rate by service
sum(rate(istio_requests_total{reporter="destination"}[5m])) by (destination_service_name)

# Error rate (5xx)
sum(rate(istio_requests_total{reporter="destination", response_code=~"5.."}[5m]))
  / sum(rate(istio_requests_total{reporter="destination"}[5m])) * 100

# P99 latency
histogram_quantile(0.99,
  sum(rate(istio_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket{reporter="destination"}[5m]))
  by (le, destination_service_name))

# TCP connections
sum(istio_tcp_connections_opened_total{reporter="destination"}) by (destination_service_name)

# Request size
histogram_quantile(0.99,
  sum(rate(istio_request_bytes_bucket{reporter="destination"}[5m]))
  by (le, destination_service_name))

Template 3: Jaeger Distributed Tracing

# Jaeger installation for Istio
apiVersion: install.istio.io/v1alpha1
kind: IstioOperator
spec:
  meshConfig:
    enableTracing: true
    defaultConfig:
      tracing:
        sampling: 100.0 # 100% in dev, lower in prod
        zipkin:
          address: jaeger-collector.istio-system:9411
---
# Jaeger deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: jaeger
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: jaeger
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: jaeger
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: jaeger
          image: jaegertracing/all-in-one:1.50
          ports:
            - containerPort: 5775 # UDP
            - containerPort: 6831 # Thrift
            - containerPort: 6832 # Thrift
            - containerPort: 5778 # Config
            - containerPort: 16686 # UI
            - containerPort: 14268 # HTTP
            - containerPort: 14250 # gRPC
            - containerPort: 9411 # Zipkin
          env:
            - name: COLLECTOR_ZIPKIN_HOST_PORT
              value: ":9411"

Template 4: Linkerd Viz Dashboard

# Install Linkerd viz extension
linkerd viz install | kubectl apply -f -

# Access dashboard
linkerd viz dashboard

# CLI commands for observability
# Top requests
linkerd viz top deploy/my-app

# Per-route metrics
linkerd viz routes deploy/my-app --to deploy/backend

# Live traffic inspection
linkerd viz tap deploy/my-app --to deploy/backend

# Service edges (dependencies)
linkerd viz edges deployment -n my-namespace

Template 5: Grafana Dashboard JSON

{
  "dashboard": {
    "title": "Service Mesh Overview",
    "panels": [
      {
        "title": "Request Rate",
        "type": "graph",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "sum(rate(istio_requests_total{reporter=\"destination\"}[5m])) by (destination_service_name)",
            "legendFormat": "{{destination_service_name}}"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Error Rate",
        "type": "gauge",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "sum(rate(istio_requests_total{response_code=~\"5..\"}[5m])) / sum(rate(istio_requests_total[5m])) * 100"
          }
        ],
        "fieldConfig": {
          "defaults": {
            "thresholds": {
              "steps": [
                { "value": 0, "color": "green" },
                { "value": 1, "color": "yellow" },
                { "value": 5, "color": "red" }
              ]
            }
          }
        }
      },
      {
        "title": "P99 Latency",
        "type": "graph",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(istio_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket{reporter=\"destination\"}[5m])) by (le, destination_service_name))",
            "legendFormat": "{{destination_service_name}}"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Service Topology",
        "type": "nodeGraph",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "sum(rate(istio_requests_total{reporter=\"destination\"}[5m])) by (source_workload, destination_service_name)"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

Template 6: Kiali Service Mesh Visualization

# Kiali installation
apiVersion: kiali.io/v1alpha1
kind: Kiali
metadata:
  name: kiali
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  auth:
    strategy: anonymous # or openid, token
  deployment:
    accessible_namespaces:
      - "**"
  external_services:
    prometheus:
      url: http://prometheus.istio-system:9090
    tracing:
      url: http://jaeger-query.istio-system:16686
    grafana:
      url: http://grafana.istio-system:3000

Template 7: OpenTelemetry Integration

# OpenTelemetry Collector for mesh
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: otel-collector-config
data:
  config.yaml: |
    receivers:
      otlp:
        protocols:
          grpc:
            endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4317
          http:
            endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4318
      zipkin:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:9411

    processors:
      batch:
        timeout: 10s

    exporters:
      jaeger:
        endpoint: jaeger-collector:14250
        tls:
          insecure: true
      prometheus:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:8889

    service:
      pipelines:
        traces:
          receivers: [otlp, zipkin]
          processors: [batch]
          exporters: [jaeger]
        metrics:
          receivers: [otlp]
          processors: [batch]
          exporters: [prometheus]
---
# Istio Telemetry v2 with OTel
apiVersion: telemetry.istio.io/v1alpha1
kind: Telemetry
metadata:
  name: mesh-default
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  tracing:
    - providers:
        - name: otel
      randomSamplingPercentage: 10

Alerting Rules

apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: PrometheusRule
metadata:
  name: mesh-alerts
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  groups:
    - name: mesh.rules
      rules:
        - alert: HighErrorRate
          expr: |
            sum(rate(istio_requests_total{response_code=~"5.."}[5m])) by (destination_service_name)
            / sum(rate(istio_requests_total[5m])) by (destination_service_name) > 0.05
          for: 5m
          labels:
            severity: critical
          annotations:
            summary: "High error rate for {{ $labels.destination_service_name }}"

        - alert: HighLatency
          expr: |
            histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(istio_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket[5m]))
            by (le, destination_service_name)) > 1000
          for: 5m
          labels:
            severity: warning
          annotations:
            summary: "High P99 latency for {{ $labels.destination_service_name }}"

        - alert: MeshCertExpiring
          expr: |
            (certmanager_certificate_expiration_timestamp_seconds - time()) / 86400 < 7
          labels:
            severity: warning
          annotations:
            summary: "Mesh certificate expiring in less than 7 days"

Best Practices

Do's

• Sample appropriately - 100% in dev, 1-10% in prod
• Use trace context - Propagate headers consistently
• Set up alerts - For golden signals
• Correlate metrics/traces - Use exemplars
• Retain strategically - Hot/cold storage tiers

Don'ts

• Don't over-sample - Storage costs add up
• Don't ignore cardinality - Limit label values
• Don't skip dashboards - Visualize dependencies
• Don't forget costs - Monitor observability costs

Resources

• Istio Observability
• Linkerd Observability
• OpenTelemetry
• Kiali